Man With A Film Camera, Directed By Dziga Vertov And Edited

Man with a Movie Camera, directed by Dziga Vertov and edited by his wife Elizaveta Svilova, is an experimental film released in 1929 after having been filmed over a period of three years in urban U.S.S.R and is considered by some to be both a documentary and avant-garde cinema (Aitken, 2011, p. 602). The film was shot in the Soviet cities of Kiev, Moscow and Odessa (Nytimes.com, 2015). Unlike Hollywood and the growing trends of Russian silent Cinema at the time, Vertov chose not use actors, theatrical elements and melodrama to capture the urban sprawl of Soviet Russia; calling drama a corrupting influence on the proletarian sensibility (Kolchevska et al., 1986). Vertov’s cinematic focus was instead on the cityscapes, industrial structure†¦show more content†¦72), to build their narrative as an assortment of observations, and to adopt an authentic cinematic style - ‘Kino-eye’. â€Å"I make the viewer see in the manner best suited to my presentation of thi s or that visual phenomenon. The eye submits to the will of the camera and is directed by it to those successive points of the action that, most succinctly and vividly, bring the film phrase to the height or depth of resolution† (Vertov, Michelson and O Brien, 1984, p. 16). Vertov with his Kino-pravda – or â€Å"cinematic truth† (McLane, 2012, p.44) took an incredibly technical approach to filmmaking. He believed that because the camera’s ability to capture was via a mechanical process, the camera’s mechanical eye could capture reality with greater clarity than the human eye. Because of Vertov’s Kino-eye philosophy and the experimental nature of Man with a Movie Camera, his cinematography had a playfulness to it; using camera to fullest of its potential, and skillfully selecting different filmmaking techniques and effects as to best capture his subject. The nature of the film, and its broad use of techniques (in particular: montage, double exposure, split screen, Dutch angle, fast cutting, and slow and fast motion), along with Vertov’s

We Are All Humans - 1829 Words

We are all humans. The same species. We were created equally, therefore we all should be treated equally until our actions make us deserve something different. If we are all humans we should never prejudge somebody because it will usually always be inaccurate. We may have many things that make us different from each other but something we all share is our humanity and the fact that we have feelings and emotions. Every human will always be unique no matter what. It doesn t matter what race they are or where they come from or what gender they are or prefer. What makes us believe that all people of one group share the same characteristic and makes us hate each other for no reason are stereotypes. Stereotypes are the source of racism. It is what makes us think that we are separated into categories and we, as humans need to overcome that. What makes us different is our personalities not what we were born with. Fortunately the new people of my generation are open minded and racism along wi th bigotry will gradually die out. One of the sources of stereotypes is in the media, especially comedy. To most people this is harmless and we will just laugh about it but to younger people they are more susceptible and naive to what the media feeds their minds. Unfortunately some children might believe a stereotype said and then they may spread that stereotype to others their age. Once these stereotypes are spread they can infect the minds of more people even if the source acknowledges itShow MoreRelatedEssay about Human Genome Project: We Are All One Race935 Words   |  4 Pagesno matter how different we all are as humans; we are just a single race. The variations that we see in everyday life are just physical differences but genetically humans are the same and â€Å"race† is term that has been used to distinguish human because of those physical differences. You may be wondering how one person from Canada and one person from Africa the same race, but it has been proven t hrough the HGP (Human Genome Project). This project was led by scientist from all walks of the earth in orderRead MoreWhat Is the Future of Humans If We Utilise All Aspects of Available Biotechnology?1635 Words   |  7 PagesHumans are on a constant quest in the search for perfection and advancement in all areas of life through progressive scientific knowledge. From such a stance, the future of humans appears boundless with all the potential possibilities biotechnology provides, but such developments will cause ethical, social and biological implications. Biotechnology, at its simplest is technology based on biology – it employs the use of cellular and bimolecular processes to develop products and technologies. TheRead MoreHuman Organ Trafficking Is What We Hear About All The Time Essay1952 Words   |  8 PagesHuman organ trafficking is what we hear about all the time. 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Secret Life Of Walter Mitty Essay Example For Students

Secret Life Of Walter Mitty Essay The outline of the secret life of Walter MittyThe story is about Walter Mitty, a henpecked and daydreaming urban man, who often depends on daydreaming to escape real life. As the story begins, Walter Mitty is driving his wife to town for an appointment at a beauty shop. Triggered by the wild storm, he begins to imagine himself as the commander of a Navy hydroplane. He dreams that the plane is in trouble but the members of the crew have complete faith in his ability. One member of the crew says, â€Å"The Old Manll get us through†. Mitty is brought back from this daydream by his wifes voice, as she says, â€Å"Not so fast! Youre driving too fast! What are you driving so fast for? His second daydream is activated by his wife’s suggestion to see Dr. Renshaw and put on gloves. In the second daydream, he fancies that he is helping several famous physicians save a millionaire by fixing a complicated machine that no one in the East can fix. He even envisages that he finally acts as operator. He is pulled back into reality by the shouting of a parking-lot attendant. Annoyed by the embarrassment at the parking lot and the failure of his memory an d stimulated by the shouting of a newsboy about the Waterbury trial, Mitty sets off the third daydream in which he is on trial for murder. In the trial, he accurately recalls and valiantly admits that he has killed Gregory Fitzhurst despite the efforts of his attorney to prove his innocence. He was aroused to reality by his subconscious murmuring of puppy biscuit and the laughing of a passing woman. Sitting into a big leather chair in the lobby, he starts his fourth daydream by looking at the pictures of bombing planes and of ruined streets in an old copy of Liberty. He fancies that he heroically volunteers to undertake a risky task of bombing the ammunition dump. His wife’s sudden appearance and scolding him like a mother terminate his fantasy. Mitty sinks deeper and deeper into his secret life until he faces the firing squad. Here it is hard to judge what is real and what isn’t. What is clear is that he is no longer a hero, but a little, helpless boy. Education Essays

Music and Religion in African-American Slave Culture free essay sample

The buying, selling, and trading of human beings for personal labor, slavery, is often thought to be simplemindedly the most atrocious thing that mankind as a whole has created. The horrors these innocent men, women, and children faced on a day to day basis was paralleled perhaps only by the soldiers fighting the war over their freedom. Though slavery was full of negatives, it also blossomed with positives as a means to cope. African-American slaves used several aspects of their native African culture to cope, two primary components being music and religion.Slaves worked under constant thatch by their owners, constantly fearing punishment for a slip-up. Enslaved African-Americans obviously resented the way they were being treated, and devised ways to rebel against their owners right under their noses. Reaching back to their African roots, Slaves sang seemingly harmless songs to one another as they worked under the sweltering sun. Little did their owners know that the slaves had weaved intricate secret messages into their lyrical pieces, such as metaphors intended to ridicule their masters or to send signals to other slaves. We will write a custom essay sample on Music and Religion in African-American Slave Culture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Their music was a mix of tribal African rhythms andAmerican religious music, as they relied heavily on their religion to cope from day to day. Even though their outlook was bleak, Slaves stayed positive in the face of sheer adversity through their faith. The most common faith among slaves was that of Christianity, the Christian doctrine being passed down from fathers to sons and so on. Initially, some slaves were not Christian, and held fast to their old polytheistic beliefs from their home, Africa. Assimilation was inevitable however, and nearly all negro slaves were converted. Their native religion did not cease to exist, but rather lived on wrought a stylized take on Christianity.They incorporated several aspects of the African religion with Christianity, such as rituals and visualization. Sometimes both religion and music came hand in hand to the slaves, who praised their Lord through song and dance. Slaves kept their heads high in hopes of being freed someday. Even today, the influences of slave music and religion can be seen in modern religion, gospel music, hip-hop, rap, and the like. Even though slavery is a memory many try to forget, it can still be remembered positively through the culture that emerged through the confinement.

The employee turnover and the long

Free Essays on Free Speech

of the few in any way contradict or offend anyone (the majority). On August 28th 1963 250,000 people decided to use their right to peacefully assemble and ask for a redress of grievances by marching on Washington D.C. to demonstrate for jobs and freedom. This was a perfect example of the government trying to censor the speech of those who may offend it. The Kennedy administration was upset with the content of a speech to be given by John Lewis because in his speech he criticized the administration for not passing civil rights laws they had promised to pass. SNCC (the Student nonviolent coordinating comity) refused to change the s... Free Essays on Free Speech Free Essays on Free Speech Free speech is the backbone of any democratic and â€Å"free† society. One of the most fundamental parts of our own Constitution is our first amendment right to free speech. It is a vital part of what it takes for a society to be well informed and develop to its full potential. The knowledge of how to organize and fight for the rights promised to us came mostly from the â€Å"Civil Rights† and the â€Å"Chicano† movements the first of which started in the 1960’s. Groups such as the NAACP, the SCLC, and the SNCC used there constitutional right to peacefully assemble, organize, and request a redress of grievances to fight for the rights of Blacks and Mexican Americans mostly but also they indirectly fought for free speech. Their organizational techniques have been used ever since to fight for all rights including the right of free speech. The fight for free speech is a never ending battle because there will always be oppressive conservatives restricting new ideas that express the feelings of entertainers and people in general. The efforts of the government to censor any form of speech restricts the development of free society and retards its ability to reach its full potential through new ideas. The majority of people agree that freedom of expression is a good idea unless the ideas, actions, or words of the few in any way contradict or offend anyone (the majority). On August 28th 1963 250,000 people decided to use their right to peacefully assemble and ask for a redress of grievances by marching on Washington D.C. to demonstrate for jobs and freedom. This was a perfect example of the government trying to censor the speech of those who may offend it. The Kennedy administration was upset with the content of a speech to be given by John Lewis because in his speech he criticized the administration for not passing civil rights laws they had promised to pass. SNCC (the Student nonviolent coordinating comity) refused to change the s...

Capitalism and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Capitalism and Culture - Essay Example ived out of modern production.5 Separation is the beginning and end of spectacle.6 This is akin to the Marxist concept of alienation. In the Marxist concept of alienation, for example, the worker’s alienation from his product enabled the capitalist to appropriate the product for himself and in so doing was able to use the product to exploit further the proletariat. However, in the Debordian concept of spectacle, spectacle can be interpreted to have originated from the alienation of the proletariat from his produce and, at the same time, the Debordian perspective that spectacle would lead to further alienation suggest that a spectacle serves to alienate the proletariat and whole of society further away from their lives. Spectacle within society reinforces the reproduction of alienation.7 In a figure of speech, Debord said that â€Å"the spectacle is capital to such a degree of accumulation that it becomes an image.†8 In particular, Debord pointed out that â€Å"the spec tacle is the moment when the commodity has attained the total occupation of social life.†9 The spectacle arises because of tendency of use value to fall and the consumer has to become a consumer of illusion through spectacle.10 The spectacle is associated with the abundance of commodities under modern capitalism.11 In this society of the spectacle, the historical mission is to install truth.12 II. Class Lecture’s on Debord’s â€Å"Society of the Spectacle† Our class lectures on capitalism and culture have pointed out that the idea of a consumer society was popularized sometime after World War II. Consumer societies have been pointed out to have emerged in the mid-1950s when consumer objects and products became more widely available. The â€Å"Situationist† perspective or â€Å"situationism† is a response to the emerging consumer society immediately after World War II. Our class lectures have pointed out that the perspective originally develop ed out of artistic avant-garde. Our class lectures have also pointed out that the movements that opposed have become commodities themselves after World War II as rapid industrialization required skills and a tremendously large labor force. Our class lectures have pointed out that for Guy Debord that life as spectacle has become real throughout capitalist society. Our class lectures have pointed out our ideals for living have been defined by the mass media through the direct and subliminal messages they have injected in our minds through what we read, see on television and movies, and through the messages that we derive from street advertising and billboards. The magazines, the literature, the movies, the newspapers, and the media created representations of what an ideal life in our society consist of. Living has become a spectacle and the spectacle has become more real than our actual life. For example, our class lectures have pointed out that we know more about Bradd Pitt than we k now of our immediate

Banking Regulation in the United States Research Paper

Banking Regulation in the United States - Research Paper Example There are three federal banking regulators in US which include; Federal Reserve System, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and Office of the Comptroller of Currency all having separate although overlying authority over commercial banks. Additionally, there exist various groups of depository institutions having similar functions to those of banks although they have unique category of regulatory institutions, laws and regulations (Shanmuganathan, Merlin and Bryan 389). Banking regulations can be classified into varying groups to reduce ambiguity and to link the regulation to the motives behind their introduction. According to Shanmuganathan, Merlin and Bryan (392), the regulations could either fall under economic regulations, information regulations and health-safety-environment (HSE) regulations. Economic regulations comprise restrictions and requirements introduced by the government to control profits, prices and conditions for entry and exit into the industry. In the banki ng industry, economic regulations include those limits on interest rates paid on deposits and those charged on credit. They also include limits on fees charge for financial services, requirements for establishment of new branch or entry into the banking industry, limitations on areas and activities where banks can engage in (Shanmuganathan, Merlin and Bryan 394). In the banking industry, information regulations require banks to offer standardized information on deposits and loan rates to customers. Moreover, information regulations require that banks to ensure safe custody of customer’s information. Health-safety-environment (HSE) regulations in the banking industry are implemented to prevent banks from becoming insolvent. Safety and soundness regulations are based on various tools such as minimum capital requirements, restrictions on banking activities and supervising the bank’s management to ensure the banks operations are run competently and honestly. All the regula tions in-turn protects the consumers’ interests (Shanmuganathan, Merlin and Bryan 395). Banking regulations in US have a long history and have undergone various changes to conform to emerging economic concerns. This paper will explore the evolution of banking regulations in US from around 1900 to the present. The emphasis of the paper will be on the way economic factors have influenced changes in these regulations. In addition, the paper will discuss how the regulations have affected the economy and banking. Major Banking Regulations in the US Previously, most banks in US were state based and issued varying notes. Consequently, the federal government had limited control of banks until the National Banking Act was passed in 1864 establishing a national banking system and allowed for chartering of national banks (Williams, Julie and Gillspie 1279). This act set the stage for the development of a common and stable national currency which was to be backed by the US Government bon ds issued within the national banks system. Although this law could be linked to the demand for a national currency, its main motive was to create a reliable market where the government bonds could be sold in new network of national banks to acquire resources to finance Civil War (Williams, Julie

Management Problem in Health Care Essay Example for Free

Management Problem in Health Care Essay Management Problem in Health Care Worldwide health care organizations are faced with problems everyday. Motivation is one of the many management problems in health care organizations today. Health care organizations are always working together to come up with ideas and strategies to make their organizations more successful and better for everyone to work in as well. Problem solving is an on going process in health care organizations, which have been bringing positive results for everyone working in the health care organizations. Motivation is a state of feeling or thinking in which one is energized or aroused to perform a task or engage in a particular behavior. This definition focuses on motivation as an emotional or cognitive state that is independent of action. This focus clearly distinguishes motivation from the performance of a task and its consequences. Notice, too, that motivation can be a state of either feeling or thinking, or a combination of the two. For some individuals, motivation is more a matter of feeling than thinking, while, for others, the reverse is true (Shortell Kaluzny, 2006). Motivating the people who are working under management can be a difficult task at times. Everyone is unique, none of us are the exact same and each person needs something different to become motivated and that is where the challenge comes in for the managers, finding the right motivator for the right employee. Knowing and caring about the employees needs, will help managers know what type of rewards to offer as a way to motivate their employees. Management Problem 3 The success of any organization, especially health care organizations solely depends on the skills of managers and how they present the work environment for their employees. When employees are motivated they tend to be more satisfied with their jobs and will stay with the organization much longer as a result of their satisfaction. According to a recent survey from the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society offers some ideas on how to keep them happy. First, pay a decent salary, that came through loud and clear in the survey, says Linda Hodges, executive vice president of search firm Hersher Associates, which conducted the survey with HIMSS. Salary was identified by the surveys 361 respondents as one of the main factors they use to evaluate job satisfaction or a job offer. Forty percent of those surveyed said they dont believe they are paid market value (Greene, 2002). According to Lynn, if your program examination indicates that you have done everything right but the results were not there, it is time to talk with people one-on-one. Ask each employee why the program did not have the impact you were looking for. They may have been trying as hard as they could, but only delivering a marginal performance. It is possible they are battling obstacles you cannot see. To find out what is getting in their way, ask them how you can help them improve (Lynn, 2001). Asking these questions are important when it comes to keeping your employees involved in everything, always getting their opinions on how they think it should be done and work together as a team to come up with the best solutions. This is what a good manager is made of, including his employees in everything that has to do with the job. Management Problem 4 Maslows theory was unique because he believed that each person had five needs and each need had to be met before they could go on to the next need. As the process went on, each old need lost motivational value as the new need was met. According to Shortell and Kaluzny, Maslows hierarchy of needs assumes there are five need levels that must be satisfied sequentially. 1. The physiological needs, these needs include things like air, water, food, warmth, shelter, and sex, the basic survival needs. 2. The security needs include a secure physical and emotional environment, examples include the need to be free from worry about money and job security. 3. Belongingness needs involve social processes, they include the need for love and affection and the need to be accepted by ones peers. 4. Esteem needs are actually composed of two different set of needs: the need for a positive self-image or self-respect and the need for recognition and respect from others. 5. Self-actualization needs, at the top of the hierarchy, involve realizing ones potential for continued growth and individual development (Shortell ; Kaluzny, 2006). Although, Maslows hierarchy of needs theory seems too simple for the human body, which is very complex, this is the perfect theory of motivation for us. This theory touches every aspect of our lives and how one feels about themselves and their surroundings. People who are in management positions will be wise to use this theory when it comes to motivating their employees, in any industry health care or otherwise. It does not matter which theory you think may be best to follow, interesting work and employee pay are the two biggest motivators. Management Problem 5 After identifying the motivation problems with the employees, managers need to start right away working on a plan to overcome these problems. They can start with talking with each individual employee and ask them questions. Making the employees feel like they have a part in finding the solution is a big part in motivation too. Everyone needs to feel like they are helping in some way or another. In conclusion, even though motivating your employees is a difficult task, it must be done in order to keep them happy and to keep things running smoothly. Keeping your employees happy can only bring success to their organization. The employees will love doing their jobs and they will do them well, they will come to work everyday and this will result in a cost effective organization, because the turnover rates will be less in each organization and the organizations will not have to worry about training new employees.

Inequality Gender Stereotyping In Hong Kong

Inequality Gender Stereotyping In Hong Kong According to the Womens Commission (Woc) Survey on Community Perception of Gender Issues (2009), it finds that gender stereotyping is still prevalent in Hong Kong and gender inequality still persists in society. Moreover, the Chairperson Ms Sophia Kao also said The survey findings reflect that the concept that women are to take care of the family while men are to work outside is still deep rooted in society, leading the majority of the respondents to believe that womens contribution was confined to the family setting and understate their contributions to society in other areas. This affects womens development opportunities in different aspects such as employment and community participation. And under the long-term influence of traditional values, women themselves might also endorse some of these gender stereotypes. Besides, the survey also found that the public generally consider that women should focus more on family than their careers, while taking care of the family is the most im portant among the contributions of women. More women than men consider that women play a more important role in the family than men do. And educating and taking care of children was perceived by most women as the most significant aspect that undermines the development of their potential to the full. Above this survey, the conscious of gender perception about the different aspect had seemed to increase than the before. But I find it very interest point that female seems trend to accept and identify the role which contribute the family work and child care work. These stereotyping limit the development of the female. So the survey reflects interviewed female recognize housework limit their development. I feel that the reason why the female accept these stereotyping is due to the long term socialization and culture construction. These guide and control the female how to do the right expectation in society under invisible. Chinese traditional culture and value how to construct inequality of female Before five thousands year age in China, the period of patriarchy had begun to budded, the status of females were decrease. Moreover, since slavery society prevailed, the females become no autonomy and status. They lost their freedom and controlled by male. They become slave for man property. They also accepted the system of polygyny. When feudal system was formed, more regulation oppressed to the female and advantages to male. Then, Confucian though become social mainstream for discipline people how to do the right things especially control female behavior. Such as female, some discourse is starve to dead is small things but virginity is very important( à ©Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¦Ã‚ ­Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ , à ¨Ã‚ ²Ã… ¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ §), it emphasize pure virginity is very important. If female can keep pure their virginity, they will be respected and appreciate. Besides, cripple feet (à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¶Ã‚ ³) was constructed a beautiful model and standard , it control female to go a step further. These regulation and discourse construct inequality but female are willing to follow because of moral standard. Chinese female tasted no end of bitterness in their short, mostly poverty ridden lives. In fact Chinese family life was marked by a shocking degree of brutality. The Confucian emphasis on filial piety and loyalty was a euphemistic prescription for absolute subordination of young to old and, more important for our purposes, female to male. Indeed, the structure of the Chinese family looks very different depending on which genders perspective you choose to view it from. The dominant male perspective conjures and unbroken lineage with power, property, and esteem passing in orderly and gradual fashion from generation to generation. From the female perspective, family life appears dramatically opposite. During her lifetime a Chinese female lived in two distinctly different families respectively her natal and marital homes. Instead of an unbroken lineage, the woman was never in her lifetime fully a member of any family. Her name was not even recorded in her fathers genealogy, and when she died only her family name surname was entered in the genealogy charts of her husbands fa mily. In this system and discourse characterized by filial piety, womans life was described by the three obedience(à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã… ¾) respectively to her father during childhood, to her husband during marriage and to her son during widowhood. Above these traditional cultures, systems discourse, they construct people how to do the right things related the gender role. These constructions have oppression of the female. Some post-modernism scholars theory explain why people accept discourse and moral standard under invisible According to West and Zimmerman (1987), most people find it hard to believe that gender is constantly created and re-created out of human interaction, out of social life, and are the texture and order of that social life. Yet gender, like culture, is a human production that depends on everyone constantly doing gender. Based on these assumption, we also find more discourses are recognizing man has power of domination, female should believe in her role as the subordinated being in the process of socialization. Then, Horrocks (1997) states ideological and cannot be neutral as it claims. In other words, there is no objective truth since science is still constructed within political parameter. However, we still have not discussed why these discourses work so effectively that most of us do not attempt to challenge them. That would be answered by Michel Foucaults explanation about the reign of power. According to Madan Sarup (1993) quotes from Foucault that power produces reality, it produces domains of objects and rituals of truth, so it is not possible for power to be examined without knowledge, it is impossible for knowledge not to produce power because the exercise of power constructs the new object of knowledge too. Moreover, according to Foucault (à ¦Ã‚ ¥Ã…  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ §Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¥1995), power is not as centralized, authoritarian and organized as the sovereign one. However, it regulates the most intimate and minute element through multiple processes from different locations. It formulates the production of docile bodies through discipline which made possible the meticulous control of the operation of body including its movement, gesture and attitude. It also assumes the constant subjection of the force of the body and imposed upon them a relation of docility-utility. In addition, it produces subject and practiced bodies, docile bodies that may operate as one wishes with the techniques, the speed and the efficiency that one determined. The above disciplinary practice of power is epitomized in Foucaults description of an architectural device called the Panopticon by Jeremy Bentham. According Foucault In Discipline and Punish (Foucault, 1977), he makes the following explanation about Panopticon. Each Individual, in his place, is securely confined to a cell from which he is seen from the front by the supervisor; but the side walls prevent him from coming into contact will his companion. He is seen, but he does not see; he is the object of information, never a subject in communication. Thus, as Foucault (Foucault, 1977) remarks in detail, the whole design has the effect to induce innate state of consciousness and prevent visibility that assures the automatic functioning of power. The power is visible but unverifiable because the inmate will constantly have before his eyes the tall outline of the central tower from which he is spied upon. However, he/she never knows whether he/she is being looked at in any particular mo ment. From this one side effect, he/she must assume that he is always under surveillance. Thus, surveillance is everywhere wherever inside or outside the panopticon thereby homogenous effect is producing for innate to discipline them. Besides, a poststructuralist Judith Butler (Butler, 1990) applies Foucaults emphasis into the field of gender representations. She illustrates from Foucault that the juridical system produces the subject that are represented and constituted through discourses. As we have remarked that discourses are naturalized as a belief through the practice of power which cannot be challenged, it will be concretization as a foundational promise to exclude those who fail to conform within the normative requirements. Then, Butler (Butler, 1990) also argues that gender is a cultural means by which the biologically determined sex is produced and established as pre-discursive, prior to culture, a politically neutral surface on which the culturally constructed gender acts. Butler (Butler, 1990) also says in the later part of her book Gender Trouble that the notion of identity and coherence is not a logical and analytical feature, but rather it is socially instituted norm of intelligibility. Thus, we believe that our identity is a core that sustains through temporal change. Illusion of being and substance cultivated by that the grammatical formulation of subject and predicate reflects the prior ontological reality of substance and attribute. The metaphor of substance leads people to believe that one can be a sex or gender. Furthermore, Butler (Butler, 1990) explains that there is no gender identity that underlies the expressions of gender. The apparent identity is performativity constituted by the very expression that is said to be its result. Thus, Butler (Butler, 1990) said, there is no being behind doing, effecting, becoming; the doer is merely a fiction added to the deed the deed is everything. Hence, the idea of gender is relational and contextual since it is a repeated stylization of the body, a set of repeated acts within a highly rigid regulatory frame that congeal over time to produce the appearance of substance, of a natural sort of being that the acts, gestures, enactments in gender performance are performativity in the sense that the essence or identity that they otherwise purport to express be fabrications manufactures and sustained. So, it becomes what one puts on his or her body, how one behaves and presents in front of people are only the gestures based upon the regulations under gender division in a particular cultural context with regardless to any ontological truth. From the Foucault theory, we know that the complex differential power relationships extend to every aspect of our social, cultural and political lives. In the analysis of gender identity of Butler, we also see that power also extends to the aspect about the construction of our gender identity. The whole process of power relationship involves the manner of subject-position, and securing our asset not only by the threat of punitive sanctions, but also persuading us to internalize the norms and values that prevail within the social, or in the theories of Butler, the patriarchal order. How to increase gender sensitivity of social work practitioners in Hong Kong Firstly, according to Foucault (1991), he said that Penopticon like as a metaphor for social control. Disciplines success is due to its simplicity, hierarchical observation, normalizing of judgments, and their combination such as prison, penitentiary, rehabilitation center, hospital, social worker, school, etc. It was combining punitive system with normalizing practices. It forces people fulfill the social expectation and make the right things through punishment, surveillance and reinforcement under invisible. So, we need to understand us may be one of the surveillance institutions causing this phenomenon. So, we need to aware of gender sensitivity of social work practitioners. As a gender sensitivity of social work practitioners, the worker need to become aware of and take an objective look at the belief system, reflect the gender biases and judgmental convictions. Moreover, the worker realizes how the culture has influenced the belief system and recognizes that gender and sexual de finition do not have to conform to societal norms. Besides, the worker facilitates self-actualizing behaviors for clients rather than socially prescribed conduct. In the counseling aspect, we need to be aware of the dangers inherent in conforming to social stereotypes and to recognize our own, possibly unhealthy, rigid, gender beliefs and behaviors. If gender biased by cultural definitions of male and female roles, counselors may facilitate social conformity, rather than individual growth and self-expression, with their clients. Moreover, Gender stereotyped intervention negatively impact clients. As a result, the counseling process may turn into oppression imposed on the actual client. Most unfortunately, those who deviate from the cultural norm tend to be denigrated and discriminated against. So the counselors may employ different clinical techniques and make disparate diagnoses and treatment plans based on assumptions about gender. The clients may disclose certain information based on the therapists gender. Counselors who also ascribe to rigid definitions of appropriate gender roles and sexual conduct may tend to help clients conform to cult urally acceptable behaviors and practices rather than helping them to define individually appropriate roles. Besides, the goal of gender-sensitive psychotherapy is helping clients to become aware of and confront limiting gender-role stereotypes and creating a more equalitarian and empathetic society by expanding choices for both sexes. In the advocacy, based on the Womens Commission (Woc) Survey on Community Perception of Gender Issues (2009), the stereotyping of gender is still serious. The social worker still educates public through community work for deconstruct the role of gender and spread both equality of gender. Moreover, the social worker also organizes some groups for man and women. They are educated to become leadership and increase their gender awareness. As a result, they similar the seeds continuous spread to others even though to participate social affairs about the both equality of gender. I believe that through the different aspect to increase people genders awareness, the both equality of gender will achieved in future. Conclusion Several thousand Chinese culture and system is the deeply socialization construct the gender role. It makes the inequality of gender till today. Although many research reflects the equality of man and women had improved. But the gender awareness is not still enough. If we are thoroughgoing to change this inequality, we will make more and more effort in gender affairs.

Health Care System and Illegal Immigrants

Saul Diaz was a penniless, unemployed and uninsured undocumented alien living in Georgia. He got into a severe car accident. While he was in hospital, he racked up $1 million in medical expenses. Before being sent back to Mexico, he died. The uncompensated bill was left over for the hospital. An illegal immigrant pregnant lady delivered her baby in U. S. She received Medicaid on her baby and prenatal care. Under the Medicaid, she got paid for her child delivery cost, her Spanish interpreter and diapers for her baby (Guzzardi, 2). What is the common thread in these two stories? They are both about illegal immigrants who received medical care without paying for it. Here comes another argument: Should we provide health care service to illegal aliens who have not contributed to our country? Would that be unfair to our citizens because we had shared a piece of our properties with the illegal aliens? No matter whether the answer is â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no†, the illegal immigrants are greatly disturbing out health care system. Since World War II, poor workers from largely Agrarian, Catholic and authoritarian Spain flocked northward into industrialized and more democratic Germany and France to find jobs (Hanson, 1). Until now, people are still moving place to place for better living standard or better job opportunities. For some countries such as Mexico, people tries to get away from the impoverishment and the politic from entering U. S. borders illegally. According to â€Å"How Will the Illegal Immigrant Ends? †, Mexico’s per capita gross domestic products is only a quarter of the United States (Hanson, 2). Wages in Mexico are far lower than in America. Many Mexican came to U. S. to achieve better living standard even by illegal method. There are approximately 14 to 22 millions of illegal immigrants in U. S. urrently, according to the data given by the Department of Homeland Security (Health Care Solution in the Real World). They are uninsured, most likely under the impoverished line. They are eligible for Medicaid by the law. As we can see from the cases in the beginning, the hospital will provide emergency care for patients, regardless of whether they are undocumented or not. Th ey failed to pay the bill and put a huge burden on the hospital. According to the article, â€Å"Why the Health Care Is So Costly? †, U. S. hospitals in border states spend at least $1 billion a year in providing health care to illegal aliens. In 2005, eighty hospitals in Florida ended in closure due to unbearable costs and expenses (Schlafly, 3). This would be a big problem for the Florida citizens because the close out of hospitals makes them less accessible to health care service. Moreover, since the undocumented aliens are uninsured, they cannot afford to pay the expensive medical bills. Base on their identity, they cannot access regular health care service because they cannot provide a proof of their citizenship. As a result they can only use the emergency room service whenever they need medical care. This leads to the abuse of emergency room service. According to the article, â€Å"Why the Health Care Is So Costly? † hospitals in border states provide at least $200 million a year in uncompensated emergency cares to illegal aliens in 2005 (Schlafly, 2). Nevertheless, what we really concern is a person had died because he or she could not access to medical care immediately because of the abuse of ER service by those do not really need it. Furthermore, the illegal aliens affect our health cares system by carrying in diseases into our country. According to the medical literature reports that many illegal immigrants carry fatal diseases or infections. They might carry diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria, polio, leprosy, plague, dengue fever and chagas diseases (Glueck and Cihak, 1). The reason behind is they may not get high quality medical cares in their own country, so they came here to achieve a more quality health care service. Another reason is they are from some poor countries that lack of health care with poor sanitary situation. They are more likely carrying sicknesses. If they don’t get treat properly, the disease will spread out and threaten other people’s health. While the illegal immigrants are affecting our health care system, how come we do not stop them from receiving cares? This is not an easy question to answer. We have to think about it in both moral and political ways. According to James Dwyer in his article, â€Å"Illegal Immigrants, Health Care, and Social Responsibility†, â€Å"Nationalists† argue that illegal immigrants have no claim to health benefits because people who have no right to be in the country should not have the right to share benefits in that country. Humanists† say access to health care is a basic human right and should be provided to everyone, no matter if they are illegal or legal here. Neither of the above ideas is correct enough. He suggests that there is no direct relation between violating the law and the right to share the health care. For instance, a lot of citizens violate the law in many ways. They did not get caught and still receive the medical benefits. The illegal immigrants violate the law only because they entered the U. S. in an unlawful way. They should also receive health care just the same as other citizens do. Even when people argue that illegal immigrant did not contribute to paying taxes; they do pay sales tax, gas tax, and value-added tax (Dwyer, 1). In the worse case, if we insist to deny cares to illegal aliens, they will fail to seek care because of deportation, yet leads to more severe diseases and might harm the public in long term. But, if we say that we should give out benefits to everyone based on human needs and rights, we would have to owe people too many things that we don’t have enough resources to produce. Since the issue is so complex, it has been argued for many years. The government proposed so many policies and laws to reduce the number of illegal immigrants. However, there are still approximately 300,000 to 500. 000 undocumented immigrants that enter the U. S. each year (Glueck and Cihak, 5). I would suggest some solutions here. For long term solution, we should modify the immigration process and law. First, we should restrict our border. In â€Å"Policy Analysis†, the author says that the Border Patrol has made significant gains in stopping illegal entries over the last 2 years, especially in El Paso, and San Diego (Miller and Moore, 2). Many illegal immigrants are first here legally by visa and become illegal when they stay after the visa expires. If the visa policy is more restricted, for example, more documents needed or fewer visa issues, fewer people can enter easily. Also, if we put more fences or build a wall at the border, less people can enter by climbing over. Second, we should shorten the immigration process and time. The most effective method of reducing illegal aliens is to make them become legal. A lot of undocumented aliens here are willing to go through a lawful way, but they do not have the time or money to do so. Yet, they are more risk-taking and willing to work hard, which would be a labor capital to U. S. Therefore, making them legal here will benefit the country because they can contribute more to the country. The third way is sending some support to where the most illegal immigrants are from. Based on my surveys on some illegal aliens here, they would rather stay in their own country if there were a better economy and more job opportunities. For short term solution, I suggest we should provide affordable medical care. We should provide cheaper drugs and prescription to the illegal immigrants. According to the article, â€Å"Here’s a Health Care Solution Everybody Can Love† by Jack Lohman, we can also introduce a program which requires the graduates of U. S. medical school who are citizens of foreign countries to spend community service on helping the illegal aliens from their country (Lohman, 4). This program can join with the cheaper prescriptions policy, which can lower the price of medical care and meanwhile, lower the medical expenses from the government as well. We all understand that we are trying to help the illegal immigrants, not putting them in any harsh situation or deporting them. Yet, we need to keep the country runs in order and people are under control. Since the illegal immigrants are disturbing our country in many ways, not only in health system, but also in job opportunities, crime rates and other social problems, we need to solve the issue as soon as possible. And, I am sure this is the only way to keep America a nice and fair place to live.

Renaissance Art

World History 2 Renaissance Art â€Å"The Renaissance is studded by the names of the artists and architects, with their creations recorded as great historical events† (Arthur, 2008). The Renaissance was an epoch of great art and literature, and was a period of time when people shifted away from the ideas and traditions of the Middle Ages. Many of the most prominent educators, artists and architects were from this period. Artworks dating from the 1 5th century to the 16th century, during the Renaissance era, express ideas of individualism, imitations of classical antiquity and the understanding of proportions and realism.Michelangelo David, the self-portrait of Raphael, and Leonardo dad Vine's Mona Lisa depicts the idea of individualism. Unlike the paintings during the Middle Ages that mostly contained religious themes that glorified God, the works of these artists focused on the potential of man, and each of them had their own unique style that showed their different talents a nd capabilities. â€Å"Art in the Renaissance brought out the individual† (Scotsman, 2008). Michelangelo sculpture, David (1501-1504) shows he idea of an ideal Renaissance male.The sculpture is shaped into a physically perfect man who stands in a confident manner. This symbolizes that man's capacity for personal development is unlimited; knowledge and a broad range of abilities are within every man's reach (How To Be, 2008). A self-portrait of Raphael (1504-1506) also shows how individualism was valued during the Renaissance. Repeal's self- portrait of himself portrays the idea of â€Å"self-glorification† (Scotsman, 2008). Leonardo used many of his own novel techniques and ideas to paint Mona Lisa.The way the object's eyes were painted, the way the subject's mouth curved into a subtle smile, and the landscape behind the subject that appears to be a fictional place gave the painting it's uniqueness (The Mona Lisa, 2009). Many of the artists during the Renaissance focus ed on individuality and on painting in their own unique styles to portray the potential of human beings. Imitation of classical antiquity can be seen in renowned artworks such as Leonardo dad Vine's Vitamins Man (1490), and Repeal's The School of Athens (1509-1510). Both of artists studied the findings and observations of the Romans andGreeks, and used them as a reference to create their own works of art. The Vitamins Man was sketched by Leonardo dad Vinci in honor of the Roman architect Vitreous. Dad Vinci used Vitreous's ideas of perception and proportion to create the sketch (Vitamins Man, 2012). He read the ancient Roman texts and combined it with his actual observations of the human body. Repeal's The School of Athens is a painting that exhibited many well-educated Greek scholars and educators. Plato and Aristotle are painted right in the center of the painting with Socrates on top of the staircases The School of Athens, 2012).Many artists during the Renaissance looked back int o the works of their ancestors, combined the ideas of the past and present to create their own paintings and artwork. The proportions and realistic features that can be seen in Michelangelo The Creation of Adam (1 51 1), and Leonardo dad Vine's Vitamins Man (1490), is one of the factors that define Renaissance artwork. Both Michelangelo and Dad Vinci studied the human anatomy to produce more realistic artworks. In The Creation of Adam, God is resting on the outline of the human brain (Hall, 2013). All the figures in the painting had depth and perspective.Leonardo sketch of the Vitamins Man was carefully proportioned. The length of the outspread arms were equal to the figure's height and the length of hand is one-tenth of the height. The sketch also shows the symmetry of the human body. The artists during the Renaissance focused greatly on realism, painting all their artworks with great detail of every part of the human body. The Renaissance was a period of time when artworks shifted away from only focusing on religion to representing individualism, classical antiquity, and respective and realism.

Key Quotes from A Wrinkle in Time

Key Quotes from 'A Wrinkle in Time' A Wrinkle in Time is a favorite fantasy classic, by Madeleine LEngle. The novel was first published in 1962 after LEngles manuscript was rejected by more than two dozen publishers. She theorized that the book was too different for publishers to grasp, especially since it was a science fiction story with a female protagonist, almost unheard of at the time. It also includes a good deal of quantum physics, and it wasnt entirely clear at the time whether the book was written for children or adults. The story focuses on Meg Murry and her brother Charles Wallace, their friend Calvin, and the whereabouts of the Murrys father, a brilliant scientist. The three are transported through space by three supernatural creatures, Mrs. Who, Mrs. Whatsit and Mrs. Which, via a tesseract, explained to Meg as a wrinkle in time. Theyre drawn into a battle against the evil creatures IT and the Black Thing. The book is the first in a series about the Murry and OKeefe families. Other books in the series include A Wind in the Door, Many Waters, and A Swiftly Tilting Planet. Here are some key quotes from A Wrinkle in Time, with some context included. Quotes But you see, Meg, just because we dont understand doesnt mean that the explanation doesnt exist. Megs mother responding mysteriously to Megs question about whether there is an explanation for everything. A straight line is not the shortest distance between two points... Mrs. Whatsit explaining the basic concept of the tesseract. This resonates for Meg, who is brilliant at solving math problems, but clashes with teachers when she doesnt arrive at the answers in the way they want her to. She believes early in the novel that finding a result is the important thing, not how you get there. Suddenly there was a great burst of light through the Darkness. The light spread out and where it touched the Darkness the Darkness disappeared. The light spread until the patch of Dark Thing had vanished, and there was only a gentle shining, and through the shining came the stars, clear and pure. This describes the battle between goodness/light and darkness/evil, in an instance where light triumphs. As the skipping rope hit the pavement, so did the ball. As the rope curved over the head of the jumping child, the child with the ball caught the ball. Down came the ropes. Down came the balls. Over and over again. Up. Down. All in rhythm. All identical. Like the houses. Like the paths. Like the flowers. This is a description of the evil planet of Camazotz, and how all of its citizens are controlled by the Black Thing to think and behave the same way. Its a glimpse of what life on Earth may come to be unless the Black Thing can be defeated. Youre given the form, but you have to write the sonnet yourself. What you say is completely up to you. Mrs. Whatsit tries to explain the concept of free will to Meg, by comparing human life to a sonnet: The form is pre-determined, but your life is what you make of it. Love. That was what she had that IT did not have. This is Megs realization that she has the power to save Charles Wallace from IT and the Black Thing, because of her love for her brother.

The red convertible Essays

The red convertible Essays The red convertible Paper The red convertible Paper Essay Topic: Love Medicine Louise Erdrich was born in 1954 in Little Falls, Minnesota. Her father was German American and her mother was a Chippewa Indian. Her early schooling was in a Bureau of Indian Affairs which was a boarding school. She wrote throughout her childhood and majored in creative writing in college. She earned a masters degree in creative writing at Johns Hopkins University in 1979 and then she went to Dartmouth as a writer-in-residence. She met her future husband at Dartmouth, Michael Dorris, who was the anthropology professor and of Native American descent. She married him in 1981. In 1982, she won the Nelson Algren fiction competition with the story The Worlds Greatest Fisherman. This story became the first chapter in her book Love Medicine, which is the first novel in a tetralogy that includes The Beet Queen (1986), Tracks (1988), and Bingo Palace (1994). Edrichs fiction has been noted for its lyrical prose and humor. Love Medicine won the National Book Critics Circle Award along with other awards. The book is a collection of interconnected stories focused on the lives of two Chippewa families. She is best known for her novels about the Chippewa. She also published two respected volumes of poetry, Jacklight (1984) and Baptism of Desire (1989). She had several stories in periodicals like the New Yorker, Harpers Magazine, Atlantic Monthly, and Paris Review. Her nonfiction book, The Blue Jays Dance: A Birth Year (1995), consists mainly of autobiographical recollections and meditations on nature and motherhood. The writing of Erdrich is based on reality situations but she doesnt write a biased opinion about the way the characters are living their lives. She doesnt judge them or make their lives out to be more than what they are. Critics have said that her writings reach out to others in very personal ways and throughout all cultures. Change is a major component in all of her writing. One critic, John Purdy, stated that her writings about change are synonymous with death and how it (change) can destroy a life and a person or people. Her writings tell how important our past is and what it can tell about our future. After her tetralogy came the addition of Tales of Burning Love. John Purdy, along with other critics, feel that by understanding her stories of how loss came about and what individuals did to deal with it, it is easier to understand current events, which may be as threatening of past events. It is also learned from the novels that loss doesnt always mean the end it may be the beginning. Another critic, William J. Scheick, had a different perspective than most critics on the four novels. He stated, Louise Erdrichs four novels are collections of loosely connected stories associated more by the generational interaction of the people they concern than by any substantial development of plot. These works lack a conventional structure comprised of a beginning, middle, and end. And instead of decidedly central protagonists, these works present many characters whose memories and identities are as loosely connected as are the stories in which they appear. Later in his critique it is learned that he does respect and appreciate her writing, he just doesnt care for the structure. As you read in her short story The Red Convertible you can clearly see that she wrote about the way that the Chippewa lived in a truthful manner. She includes nature, family and non-family relations in this story as she does in other writings. She uses symbolism in The Red Convertible that relates directly to the Chippewa culture. The title of the story uses the color red and it related to several parts of the story like the river, the car, Red Tomahawk and the Red Sticks. Henry wanted to give the car to Lymon but he didnt want it because he knew that it was a gift and gifts were given by the Chippewa in the event of a death. The represented a curative charm for the brothers. It was something that was supposed to represent Henry and his well being. Lymon thought that if he made sure that Henry did something with the car that he would get better even though he didnt. Henrys dance that is written about is another part of the Chippewa culture that Erdrich often writes about. Dancing is an important part of Native American culture. There seems to be a dance for everything. I think that Henrys dance had to do with the war and how he couldnt deal with being sent to it and now he wanted to die. It is hard to fight an American war when you dont consider yourself to be an American. It is not hard to understand why all cultures enjoy Erdrichs writing. She touches mothers with writings about pregnancy, childbirth, and early infancy. She gets parents to remember raising their own children and the experiences that they had. She focuses on life cycles, which is virtually everything around us because everything has a life cycle. In 1996 she published her first childrens book, Grandmothers Pigeon, a story a stubborn grandmother who leaves her family in the middle of the families vacation and she rides a porpoise back to Greenland. The book has received considerable recognition. Since 1984 she has written or co-authored ten major books, edited Best American Stories of 1993, won numerous literary prizes, and gained a substantial amount of scholarly attention. She did this while raising three adopted children learning disabilities, bearing three daughters, and dealing with the deaths of her oldest, adopted son and two grandparents. In 1996 she was separated from Dorris and on April 10th of 1997 he committed suicide. Today it is said that she and her children are doing well.

Nursing budget Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing budget - Assignment Example This would mean a noninvasive way to get the same results. Noninvasive is ideal for any patient because it means more comfort for the patient while we are conducting our tests. The controllable costs will be the initial costs to purchase a unit. Uncontrollable costs will be in the form of maintenance and this would be based on the usage. If we were to buy a unit that costs $10,000 and finance it at 8% interest over 2 years our payments would only be $452.27 per month. This is more than reasonable. 7. We would need to hire 6 RNs for the regular shifts and an additional part–time RN. This would mean a total of 7 RNs. 8. Median salary for RNs is 75,180. For the full time RNs this would be $451,080. Our part time RN would earn $33.09 per hour and receive up to 30 hours per week for a maximum payroll total of $51,620.40. Total for all would be approximately $502,700.40. 9. You could use 4 full time RNs and 1 part-time RN if the shifts were 12 hours each. 10 – 13. Options for the 6th nurse would include being a floater, training, helping out with phones or other things that need to be done. I would make my 6th nurse a floater meaning that she would constantly go from room to room to make sure that the patients and other nurses have what they need. The floater would be a different nurse each time this happens to make sure that the other nurses also have a chance to perform the same duties. Implementing this decision would allow all of the nurses to learn from one another thereby making sure they are all on the same page. One nurse would not be receiving more or less training than the other but instead they will be training as a group. 14 - 16. A cost containment strategy would be effective staffing and human resource policies. HR software could be used to keep track of employees’ comings and goings. We could use an automated time card system that would track time, holidays, breaks, etc. This would help with containment of overtime, lost hours due to being nonproductive and over or under staffing. Also making sure there is a clear plan for overtime, identifying nonproductive time, and demonstrating a firm understanding of incentives and bonuses (Kirkby, 2003). Overtime is usually the cause of being over budget due to not planning out the staff accordingly. There should always be some contingencies included in any personnel budget to make sure that overtime is at a minimum. Lost hours may not seem as important but if we look at the hours that an employee has spent being nonproductive we realize how much we are losing by paying that employee to do virtually nothing. 17 - 20. The continuous limb movement machines can be postponed as well as the seminar. We were most accurate in predicting supplies and personnel expenses. We were most inaccurate with continuing education, capital expenditures, and travel. Some factors that contributed to this could have been not knowing ahead of time which conferences we wanted to attend as well as deciding too late to buy more equipment. We over budgeted for personnel. This over-budgeting could be used towards some of the other things that we want to do such as purchasing the equipment we need or attending the conference. Our projected ADC was actually too low as well. In next year’s budget we should plan on ADC being slightly higher than 25.8 so that we can adequately budget for all aspects of our department. 21 – 24. According to Schmidt & Altus (Schmidt & Altus, 2010) several factors that are

Gifted students Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gifted students - Coursework Example A person’s gift can for example be used in intrinsic motivation to create an attitude that the person has potential that can be used to achieve success in other fields. None academic gifts can therefore be intrinsic motivators towards a student’s academic progress (Marquis and Huston, 2008). ‘Self-initiatives’ into undertakings can be explained from the concept of motivation. Individual who are ‘self-motivated’ will for example have the drive to perform activities without being asked to do so (Marquis and Huston, 2008). Motivation and giftedness are mutually related. Motivation for instance facilitates perfection of gifts while gifts act as a factor to motivation. A gifted individual is for instance confidence and ‘self-motivated’ into ventures (Marquis and Huston, 2008). Improving motivation and task completion among students is achievable through focusing â€Å"on the needs and wants† of the students and application of â€Å"appropriate motivational strategies† (Marquis and Huston, 2008, p. 422). While intrinsic reward refers to utility that a person derives, extrinsic reward is outwardly and observable by other people. Intrinsic rewards are therefore better motivators as they are built within a person as opposed extrinsic motivators that are easily influenced by a person’s environment (Waren, 2002; Marquis and Huston,

WWF Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

WWF - Case Study Example The organization seeks to push for the recognition of the interdependent nature of the environment, wildlife, and people. With over 300 employees around the world, including the UK, WWF has grown in stature around the world, especially due to increased attention on sustainability. In the UK, this expansion has necessitated a move of HQ to Woking from its previous Godalming base. The new HQ, the Living Planet Centre LPC, will enable WWF to interact more with an increasingly interested public with an education suite, an auditorium, and a visitors’ centre (World Wildlife Fund UK, 2013: p1). As part of this relocation strategy, WWF will also seek to merge the communication and fundraising departments, while also dealing with the cultural changes that will accompany this strategic restructuring. This paper aims to report on specific challenges facing WWF with regards to recruitment and selection, as well as to use the findings to provide recommendations for their human resource ope rations. WWF strives to ensure that wildlife, environmental, and human needs are taken into account, especially in developing countries. To do this, they utilize scientific knowledge to inform conservation activities by sharing findings with specialists and partners (Powell, 2011: p34). The organization also uses the lessons that it learns from conservation activities as case studies to offer feedback for future conservation models, especially through horizontal transfer of best practices through encounter promotion among its partners and peers. In order to undertake the challenging task of conservation, WWF also recognizes the importance of alliances and stakeholder coordination, which allows them to intervene, at numerous levels, to support international, national, and local interventions from regional perspectives. In doing this, it is the organization’s plan to respond with flexibility and dynamism in the face of emerging

Michael Jordan vs Wikipedia Essay Example for Free

Michael Jordan vs Wikipedia Essay Michael Jordan VS Wikipedia Over the past twelve years there has been a great controversy on whether or not the website Wikipedia is reliable enough to get sources that are accurate enough to believe. Many seem quick to judge whether or not if Wikipedia is a credible source and cites the necessary about to make it a reliable source to get information from. In the article â€Å"Wikipedia†(2013), unknown authors inform the general public about the Wikipedia website. The authors provide evidence on who updates their information, site their sources and include references. The purpose of Wikipedia is to persuade users to use the website. Wikipedia targets the general public to use their website for a non-profit organization. Wikipedia is a reliable source because it cites its sources and gives knowledgeable facts. On the website Wikipedia, under the source entry â€Å"Wikipedia† goes into detail about all the attributes and information about Wikipedia and how it came about and why it is a reliable site to get information from. Wikipedia has become the largest and most popular general reference work on the Internet. Wikipedia is a reliable source because of its vandalism program in which it is able to detect and remove vandalism within a few minutes. Also with Wikipedia being a free online encyclopedia it allows for open structure, which lets the public write and change anything about any topic. On the Wikipedia website under the topic â€Å"Wikipedia†, found that â€Å"a non-scientific report in the journal Nature in 2005 suggested that for some scientific articles Wikipedia came close to the level of accuracy of Encyclopedia Britannica†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (preface). With that being said, it justifies that Wikipedia’s reliability is just as effective as that of a profitable encyclopedia that is written by experts. Many feel as if Wikipedia isn’t a reliable enough sources because it contains articles written based on authors interpretations of research that other have done. Schools sometimes do not allow their student to find research or facts on Wikipedia because they second-guess Wikipedia’s creditability as a whole. Some questions that might come into play is, why wouldn’t you cite the original source, and what relevance does someone else  interpretation have? Even though anyone can edit Wikipedia, it is still reviewed and their vandalism program and bots that search for errors remove inaccurate information quickly. For the most part, you have extremely small chances of finding unreliable and inaccurate information on Wikipedia. Wikipedia also gives blue text indicates links to other Wikipedia entries or to sources for the entry to help the reader go more into depth about their topic. Encyclopedias are mainly written for people who do not know a great deal about a specific subject and would like to find out more. With Wikipedia being that online non profitable encyclopedia it allows people to search any subject and conveys enough information to a reader who knows little or nothing about the subject. For example on the Wikipedia website I searched for credible information about â€Å"Michael Jordan†. In the article â€Å"Michael Jordan†(2013), from Wikipedia informs the general public about the legacy of Michael Jordan. The authors provide knowledgeable facts about his early years in life, his stats and game averages and also include references to support their facts. Their purpose is to give as much knowledgeable and supportive facts about Michael Jordan’s career and life. The article targets and helps any user looking to find information about Michael Jordan and Wikipedia does this all by citing its sources and using references. A great example of a way Wikipedia is a reliable source is the picture is figure 6, shows a plaque of Michael Jordan’s achievements at the United Center. Wikipedia also has through out the text blue highlighted text that can lead the reader to links to other Wikipedia entries or sources that relate to the subject of choice. Wikipedia has lead me to believe that it is a very reliable source because of its citing and credible facts I received about Michael Jordan’s career. Wikipedia lead me to new facts about Michael Jordan’s career such as, â€Å"During the Bulls playoff run in 1993, controversy arose when Jordan was seen gambling in Atlantic City, New Jersey, the night before a game against the Knicks. In that same year, he admitted to having to cover $57,000 in gambling losses†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (14). With Wikipedia bring up this problem about Michael Jordan’s life and citing where it came from and giving me alternate links that lead me more into depth with this problem proves that Wikipedia is reliable. Some come to the conclusion that Wikipedia has a weakness and is not a reliable source because it is an open source website which means anyone can edit it. Its weakness is what makes it so great. Anyone can edit it. This brings a huge variety of information as well as great depth and large bibliographies. Wikipedia also goes above and beyond to correct and edit sources have citations and staff are always checking edits. In Wikipedia’s disclaimer that may it apparent that Wikipedia may be inaccurate and misleading and it is ultimately they users decision and to use their judgment call. But how is some random website that is Googled up more reliable then Wikipedia? In my personal experience Wikipedia has lead me to valuable and reliable information about the topic at hand and has gave me pictures, facts and sources to back my information up with. Works Cited â€Å"Wikipedia. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation Inc. ,1 Apr. 2013. Web. 10Apr. 2013. â€Å"Michael Jordan. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation Inc. , 10 Apr. 2013. Web. 1 Apr. 2013.

Zoot Suit by Luis Valdez :: essays research papers

â€Å"Zoot Suit† Luis Valdez made a great contribution to Chicano theater when he created a Chicano musical a form of theater that was more common for white America. As I read Zoot Suit I could not stop wondering how the play would look once it was on stage. I could not picture a play that included singing and dancing one which does not compare to the other plays written by Luis Valdez and the Teatro Campesino. I only wish that I had been lucky enough to watch the play live. However, I do feel that if the play was to be re-enacted it would not have the same effect on it’s viewers of today as it might have then. Unfortunately I feel that might be its only downfall. I was still really amazed that this play made it to Broadway and I feel it was just as worthy of it as other plays have been. It is also very interesting to note that it was his longest running play in Los Angeles however; I am assuming that has to do with the large number of Mexican and Mexican-Americans living in LA during that tim e.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I found the play very interesting and could not stop reading especially because I knew that the play was based on a true story a crime that actually took place against Chicanos. I did not know much about the sleepy lagoon case before I read the play. Having an interest on the subject helped me stay focus on the story and kept me reading. However, I kept wanting a stage visual of the play so that I could stay alert. As I watched the movie for the first time I felt great and yet, a bit bewildered to see so many brown faces on stage at the same time but ultimately I truly loved the feeling of it. I only wish that more plays or even movies would include Latinos onto the stage. I feel that the fact that Luis Valdez created a more American type of play made it more possible to be seen by many more people. If Zoot Suit would have been kept as an acto its audience would have been selective and minimal.

Leadership Succession

Is it necessary for Citigroup to have a leadership succession plan? Why? Leadership succession planning is very important from two perspectives. First of all, it helps to select highly-potential candidates, who have strong leadership abilities and possess all necessary qualities to assume high administrative positions in the future. Besides, leadership succession plan also includes the measures on giving a wide range of learning, training and development opportunities for such individuals in order to improve their professional performance, proficiency, managerial abilities, leadership skills, and so on.Undoubtedly, if Citigroup does not pay attention on the situation around Sandy Weill right now, the company’s risk to be left without an effective leader will be increasing. Sandy Weill is a man over 70, and at this age his professional abilities as an executive can get worse at any time. That is why, I suppose, there is an urgent vital need for the company to select and start p reparing someone who would be able to succeed Mr. Weill.2. Who should have the responsibility of preparing a succession plan?For large organizations and corporations specialists suggest establishing special Leadership Planning Boards, which would carry out the main activities on leadership succession planning. Such activities have to include identifying critical positions, establishing criteria and identifying the best candidates (at least two for one position), reviewing and monitoring their professional progress and personal development, interviewing and evaluating every candidate and coming up with some conclusions and suggestions.Undoubtedly, such departments as Business Human Resources Units or Corporate Human Resources Departments have to be also involved in leadership succession planning process. They have to assist Leadership Planning Boards and give all necessary information about potential candidates. Top managers from Board of Directors or Chief Officers have to take all the responsibilities on supervising and controlling the effectiveness of leadership succession planning process (Tennessee Valley Authority, 2000).3. Should the succession plan include insiders? Outsiders? Or both?I think that it is preferable for any company or organization to select the candidates from the insiders. If there are qualified and talented managers, who worked and had opportunity to develop together with the company for some time, they are certainly better aware of the specifics of company’s business, strategies of management, organizational culture and traditions, etc. Moreover, they could already win some reputation and respect of the employees; therefore, they are potentially effective leaders or top managers.But there can be a situation when there are good outside candidates, who had no experience of working with the company. In such case, I suppose, it is necessary not only to interview such candidates and estimate their potential effectiveness, but also in volve them into business activities of the company as soon as possible. I strongly believe that working closely with the leaders and learning more and more from them is a key factor for good performance of any successor.4. Why do executives such as Weill avoid the succession issue?I think that Mr. Weill can have some personal reasons for doing this. Possibly, he does not take leadership succession as a reality or does not want someone to be on his back. Maybe he assumes any succession plan as the necessity of his resignation or as a sign of lack of trust from his colleagues. There’s also probability that he is trying to avoid all succession plan initiatives in order to prove own competence and uniqueness.Nevertheless, I believe that this situation is not a typical one, especially for such huge organizations as Citigroup. Usually, top managers and executives demonstrate concern about their organizations and get actively involved in succession planning. They can point on some p ossible successors, work with them, train and promote them in order to prepare such candidates for taking higher positions and make them understand, what the organization requires to remain successful.References:Leadership/Succession Planning. (2000) Tennessee Valley Authority. Retrieved June 29, 2007, from: . Ritter, J. (2003, April 15) Succession Planning: A Tool for Success. The Galt Global Review. Galt Western Personnel Ltd. Retrieved June 29, 2007, from: .

The Human Resources Scorecard: Linking People

Providing the tools and systems required for leading a measurement managed HR architecture, this important book heralds the emergence of human resources as a strategic powerhouse in todays organizations. Three experts in the field outline a powerful measurement system that highlights the indisputable role HR can play as both a prime source of sustainable competitive advantage and a key driver of value creation. They draw from an ongoing study of nearly 3,000 firms to outline a seven-step process they call an HR Scorecard, specifically designed to embed human resources systems within a firms overall strategy and manage the HR architecture as a strategic asset. Building on the proven Balanced Scorecard model, they also show how to link HRs results to measuressuch as profitability and shareholder value-that line managers and senior executives will understand and respect. The authors argue that human esourcess strategic role begins with designing an HR architecture-the HR function, the HR system, and strategic employee behaviors-that relentlessly emphasizes and reinforces the implementation of the firms strategy. Using compelling examples from a variety of leading companies, they explain how to develop and implement an HR Scorecard in order to both manage the HR architecture as a strategic asset, as well as measure the contribution of that asset to firm performance. Personal Review: The HR Scorecard: Linking People, Strategy, and Performance by Dave Ulrich I recently re-read this book and have even higher regard for it now than I did I when I first read it soon after it was published in 2001. Becker and Huselid later co-authored The Workforce Scorecard with Richard W. Beatty. With rigor and eloquence, they examine three separate but related challenges: Perspective (with an emphasis on differentiation), Metrics (and their relationship to strategy execution), and Execution (which holds senior executives and line managers accountable for workforce success). They suggest that all organizations which successfully meet these three challenges (i. e. those which â€Å"do it right†) have these six characteristics in common: 1. HR professionals spend less time on employee performance than they did five years ago 2. The relationship between workforce success and strategy implementation defines the ROI of new HR initiatives. 3. Creating a shared mind-set is not taken for granted. . The HR function has a staffing structure that effectively balances the tension between being a strategic partner and delivering efficient and effective HR services. 5. Strategic workforce measures are â€Å"owned† and coordinated by a single individual or task force. 6. Senior executives, line managers, and HR professionals consider the results of the measurement system worth the implementation effort. Although it may seem to some who read this brief commentary that will be of substantial value only to large organizations, I hasten to reassure them that, after appropriate modifications, what Huselid, Becker, and Beatty recommend in The Workforce Scorecard can help any organization (regardless of size or nature) to improve the quality of their strategy execution by developing the right perspective on the contributions of its workforce to its success, and, by developing the right execution strategy to ensure that its managers are ready, willing, and able to use workforce metrics to drive business success. It is important to keep these points in mind when reading The HR Scorecard and I strongly recommend that, if possible, The Workforce Scorecard be read in combination with it, preferably but not necessarily afterward. Robert Kaplan and David Norton wrote three articles for Harvard Business Review (â€Å"The Balanced Scorecard,† â€Å"Putting the Scorecard to Work,† and â€Å"Using the Balanced Scorecard as a Strategic Management System†) which led to a series of books in which their insights were developed in even greater depth. According to Norton who wrote the introduction to The HR Scorecard, in the New Economy, human capital is the foundation of value creation and that up to 85% of an organization's value is based on intangible assets. â€Å"This presents an interesting dilemma: The asset which is most important is the least understood, least prone to measurement, and, hence least susceptible to management. † He goes on to commend the co-authors of The HR Scorecard for three specific contributions: their development of causal models which illustrate the relationship of HR value drivers with business outcomes and hereby take the Balanced Scorecard to the next level of sophistication; their research on the drivers of highperformance organizations to provide a framework to decision-makers with which to formulate and implement strategies for human capital growth; and finally, their insights into the competencies required by HR professionals, competencies which can enabler an organization to deliver on the promise of its measurement system. In essence, the co-authors of The HR Scorecard identify and explain linkages – indeed the interdependence — between and among people, strategy, and performance. Only by understanding these linkages and their independence can decision-makers in any organization (regardless of size or nature) accurately measure the nature, value, and impact of human capital on the bottom line. Moreover, decision-makers can then make much more accurate measurement of each individual in terms of the value she or he adds to the organization and, more importantly, to those on whom that organization depends for revenue. Customers who purchase products, of course, and clients who purchase services but also members who purchase members and benefactors to contribute donations. Here are two other substantial benefits of establishing and then maintaining a HR scorecard: 1. It can guide and inform hiring decisions which ensure that an organization increases its human capital with those to add new value 2. It can also guide and inform decisions concerning the allocation of tangible resources, especially when there are unexpected major developments (either threatening or promising) in the given organization's competitive marketplace. When concluding their brilliant volume, the authors observe that while much of the work of an HR scorecard is technical, the delivery of the Scorecard is personal. It requires that HR professionals design to make a difference, align their work to business strategy, apply the science of research to the art of HR, and commit to learning from constant experimentation. When you create the HR Scorecard, using the approach we describe, you are actually [begin italics] linking HR to firm performance [end italics]. But you will also develop a new perspective on your HR function, practices, and professional development. In measurement terms, the benefits will far outweigh the costs. I presume to add two concluding suggestions of my own. First, that HR professionals use the Scorecard initially to measure their own performance so they can determine how, as individual executives, they can add greater value to their organization. Next, that all others in senior management also read this book as well as The Workplace Scorecard to increase their own understanding of (a) how and why to link people, strategy, and performance enterprise-wide and (b) how to manage human capital much more effectively (also enterprise-wide) when executing strategy.

Free Essays on John Fitzgerald Kennedy

John Fitzgerald Kennedy Kennedy, John Fitzgerald (1917-1963), was the youngest man ever elected president, and he was the youngest ever to die in office. He was shot to death on Nov. 22, 1963, after two years and 10 months as chief executive. The world mourned Kennedy's death, and presidents, premiers, and members of royalty walked behind the casket at his funeral. Kennedy was succeeded as president by Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson. Early life Family background. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was the second son of Joseph Patrick Kennedy (1888-1969) and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy (1890-1995). The president's ancestors were Irish farmers of Wexford County in southeastern Ireland. His great-grandfather, Patrick Kennedy, left Ireland during the great potato famine of the 1840's and settled in Boston. The president's grandfather, Patrick J. Kennedy, became a state senator and the political "boss" of a ward in Boston. The president's mother also came from a political family. Her father was John F. ("Honey Fitz") Fitzgerald, a colorful politician. Fitzgerald served in the state senate and the United States House of Representatives. He also served as mayor of Boston for two terms. Joseph P. Kennedy, the president's father, was a self-made millionaire. During the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, he served as the first chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission, and as U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom. Boyhood. Kennedy was born on May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts, a Boston suburb. The other eight Kennedy children were Joseph, Jr. (1915-1944), who was killed in World War II; Rosemary (1918-...); Kathleen (1920-1948); Eunice (1921-...); Patricia (1924-...); Robert F. (1925-1968), who became attorney general under his brother and then served as U.S. Senator from New York from 1965 until his assassination; Jean (1928-...); and Edward M. "Ted" (1932-...), who has served as a U.S. Senator f... Free Essays on John Fitzgerald Kennedy Free Essays on John Fitzgerald Kennedy John Fitzgerald Kennedy Kennedy, John Fitzgerald (1917-1963), was the youngest man ever elected president, and he was the youngest ever to die in office. He was shot to death on Nov. 22, 1963, after two years and 10 months as chief executive. The world mourned Kennedy's death, and presidents, premiers, and members of royalty walked behind the casket at his funeral. Kennedy was succeeded as president by Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson. Early life Family background. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was the second son of Joseph Patrick Kennedy (1888-1969) and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy (1890-1995). The president's ancestors were Irish farmers of Wexford County in southeastern Ireland. His great-grandfather, Patrick Kennedy, left Ireland during the great potato famine of the 1840's and settled in Boston. The president's grandfather, Patrick J. Kennedy, became a state senator and the political "boss" of a ward in Boston. The president's mother also came from a political family. Her father was John F. ("Honey Fitz") Fitzgerald, a colorful politician. Fitzgerald served in the state senate and the United States House of Representatives. He also served as mayor of Boston for two terms. Joseph P. Kennedy, the president's father, was a self-made millionaire. During the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, he served as the first chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission, and as U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom. Boyhood. Kennedy was born on May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts, a Boston suburb. The other eight Kennedy children were Joseph, Jr. (1915-1944), who was killed in World War II; Rosemary (1918-...); Kathleen (1920-1948); Eunice (1921-...); Patricia (1924-...); Robert F. (1925-1968), who became attorney general under his brother and then served as U.S. Senator from New York from 1965 until his assassination; Jean (1928-...); and Edward M. "Ted" (1932-...), who has served as a U.S. Senator f...

Serial Killers Research Paper Example

Serial Killers Research Paper Example Serial Killers Paper Serial Killers Paper Essay Topic: The Joy Luck Club Uncle Toms Children A serial killer is an individual who has killed three or more people over a period of time and whose motivation for murder is mainly based on emotional satisfaction. Serial killers have a callous exploitative personality with no emotions and have no ability to feel guilt of anything they do. Some scientists have argued that psychopathy is genetically determined, and the individuals have little power to control its effects. Others have disregarded this outlook of the issue due to lack of significant abnormality in serial killer’s brains. Studies of majority of serial killers have revealed that there is reduced connectivity between the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex leading to fewer emotions after processing of negative stimuli (Fox Levin 2014). People with this deficit do not feel embarrassed or nervous after being caught up engaging in inhuman acts. The serial killers only suffer from physical pain and not emotional pain. Psychopaths experience difficulties when following rules of morality irrespective of great knowledge and understanding of the rule. Unlike psychotics, psychopaths do not suffer from any form of mental disorder and suffer from personality disorder. Unfortunately, personality disorder is more difficult to cure when compared to mental disorders affecting the psychotics. Some of the world’s major serial killers normally work on calculated and manipulative strategies that indicate an absence of any mental disorder. They do not suffer from hallucinations and delusions (Goodwill Alison 2005) Gunness Belle Gunness Belle was little known in USA before emigrating there from Norway between 1881 and 1886. It is alleged that she had got pregnant at the age of 17, and the boyfriend had beaten and hence caused a miscarriage. It is rumored that the man who had kicked her died later with symptoms of poisoning and this is the probable the reason she moved to America or alternatively, she had moved to unite with her sister who had moved to USA earlier (Wilson, 2014). Belle’s first victim was the husband she married in 1893 from Chicago. Initially, the couple seemed happy and had a confectionary store. They had four children and one foster child living with them. The confectionary store business did not flourish well as Belle expected, but the building harboring the store caught fire, and they were compensated by the insurance cover. It is alleged that Belle had secretly started the fire (Gibson, 2009). Two of their children died from acute colitis; however, acute colitis symptoms resemble poisoning that makes many suspects that Belle could still have poisoned them. The two kids had an insurance cover that made Belle richer. Her husband died later; the doctors gave a report that his heart gave out. Belle was further compensated for around 8000 dollars by the insurance company; a colossal amount of money then. She bought a farm in La Porte and shortly after purchasing the farm, a section of it burned down; she was compensated further by the insurance companies. She later met her second lover who was a widower with two kids (Gibson, 2009). They moved together with each partner contributing two children to the family. They younger daughter of Mr. Gunness died shortly after marriage from unknown causes. In 1902, she killed Mr. Gunness using a meat chopper, the foster daughter witnessed the scenario but the coroner was convinced that she was innocent on the issue since she was pregnant (Glyn, 2011). She later cashed over 3000 dollars from her husband’s insurance policy. Luckily, Mr.Gunness elder daughter was taken by her uncle who most likely saved her from death (Gibson, 2009). Long-term impact of losing a baby from criminality while pregnant can be linked to emotion problems like depression and anxiety. Such memories of loss might have always made her shocked and angry. She may remember a series of events leading to the death of the kid and hence blame herself that has long-term effect and magnification over time instead of reduction (Glyn, 2011). Belle was not born in USA and migrated there; people migrate in search for a better life although migrating can have a negative impact to some personalities causing stress that affects one’s mental health and well-being. The combination of the migration process together with her traumatic loss might have contributed to change of personality and hence converting her into a serial killer. From her previous experience, finding a new place with vast and different cultures must have been daunting and scary for her. The only way she could have coped is by getting herself occupied and busy. Her children had insurance policies, and some believe that Belle killed the children to benefit from the policies. Belle killed two of her children namely Axel and Caroline. The above allegations might have been true; Belle was financially struggling after emigrating to U.S.A. Her desperation for money might have degraded her attachments to the importance of life. Belle was very violent in her killings. She cut the body of the victims and threw them to pigs and usually killed her lovers using Sausage graders. Though Belle greatest motivation might have been money, she still possessed a deep-seated anger of those that she had killed or harmed in the past. Violence might have been one of her ways of releasing this self-blame and anger while increasing her wealth and developing independence. Another fascinating incidence is where Belle tried to poison some of her victims, some psychologists believe that there was hierarchy in her killings but basing the argument on her victims, there is no logical reasoning behind the method she chose to kill her victims. Poisoning is equivalent to cutting someone into pieces and ensures one suffers and writhes in pain before dying. Almost all her victims had to suffer before dying. It is symbolic in that it might have been a way of mimicking her experience with miscarriage. It is apparent that Belle lacked conscience or empathy; she normally used blatant deception to attract her victims. Belle was a very cold woman; she could carry out abortions and also claim that unknown children are hers only to kill them. She lured men with her wealth and then killed them together with their children. Belle disappeared; there is a probability that she escaped unnoticed since she was a very determined woman who was very selfish, and probably she faked her death (Hickey, 2012). Charles Manson Charles Manson was born in November 12, 1934 by a teenage mother who had run away from home at the age of 15. His mother was a total drunkard and could not care for him; he spent his youth with his relatives, reform schools and boys homes. He started involving in car stealing and general burglary. He was arrested severally and after release in 1954 on parole for the good behavior, Manson married Rosalie Willis and gave birth to a son Charles Manson Jr. Charles Manson had continued to make extra cash from stealing cars, and his wife divorced him after discovering it (Fox Levin 2003). He was arrested again in 1960 and spent six years in prison. In the prison, he met Alvin Karpis, who was a member of Ma Barker’s gang. Alvin taught Manson to play steel guitar and became obsessed by music; he wrote several songs and started singing. He was strongly convinced that once outside the prison he would become a famous musician. He was released in 1967. Equipped with guitar and expertise in stealing and drugs, Manson started to gather followers. The Beach Boys recorded one of the Manson songs titled â€Å"Never Learn Not to Love† because he was their close ally. He managed to make a cult of â€Å"the Family†. He predicted a war between the blacks and the whites in 1968 after listening the song from the Beatles namely â€Å"Helter Skelter† (Manson, 2006). After the supposed war had failed to happen, Manson resulted into violence and had to show the blacks how to do it. He directed his followers to kill specific people, at one incidence they attacked the house of Terry Melcher, who had failed to support Manson’s music career and killed all the occupants. Investigators landed on him, and he was arrested together several of his followers. He was sentenced to death, but the death penalty was outlawed that saw Manson spend the rest of his life in Jail (Hendrickson et al., 2007). On many cases alcohol has been termed as a family problem, it does not only affect those taking it, but also the family members and the people surrounding the family (Atchison Heide 2011). Studies have shown that children who grow up in alcoholic families experience emotional problems that if not well monitored can result to destructive behavior. Alcohol makes the children feel insecure, anxious and vulnerable. Children of alcoholics find it very hard to cope in life. Such memories from a child can make them internalize their sadness hence becoming withdrawn. They might also try to deny these facts and try to pretend that nothing happened. Some like Charles Manson opted to resolve their internal sadness through violent behavior. Charles was also small in stature and probably suffered from ‘short man syndrome.’ There is a history of short men being associated with violence; one good example is Hitler Adolf. This does not mean that all short men are aggressive. Inferiority complex can play a role in violent behavior basing the argument on the fact that there were other underlying factors in our case. Small men experience pressure to display their masculinity in the current world that is dominated by one personal appearance. Combined with biological influences, this can be a very dangerous concoction in the society. At the age of 12, Charles had raped another boy, not necessarily that he was gay but might have been a mechanism to gain dominance by demeaning the boy. Charles had other frustrations; he had tried unsuccessfully to join the music industry by pursuing his music career (Purdy, 2014). Such frustrations combined with his chaotic childhood might have contributed to the personality of Charles Manson we know today. Naming two of his children after himself indicated his narcissistic and self-centered personality. He viewed his children as an extension of self. Charles Manson usually saw something in the song lyrics of the Beatles titled Helter Skelter. The song was produced and released when Charles was predicting a racial war. If someone is strongly convinced, then most probably will try their best to ensure what they believe comes true. This is very easily associated with music where the message in song lyrics is subject to interpretation by the listener with disregard to musicians’ initial message. Charles had predicted race war and the song Helter Skelter intensified his believe (Psychologytoday, 2014). Narcissistic characters are normally very composed and have a tendency of attracting the attention; Charles did not commit his murders directly and only convinced his followers to commit them. It is through his charisma that made him a very effective leader to his followers. They viewed him like a ‘God’ whom the followers believed that they must obey and believed that he requested all what was essential to be done. Charles had much confidence in himself and rated himself highly; he could not participate in doing something that he could get others doing and hence has no record of killing his victims directly. People have been emailing him in prison that indicates his power to captivate and command respect (Psychologytoday 2014). Ted Bundy Ted Bundy was born on November 24. He performed well at school and was normally uneasy in the environment since his peers were extremely rich and had to change and join Sophomore University to cover his financial insufficiency (Rule, King, BBC Audiobooks America, 2009) It was in 9167 when he met a lady who shared skill and passion with him and usually sent much of their time together. His lover was rich and sophisticated, and Bundy had exaggerated his accomplishments to impress her. The lady found the real character and background of Bundy and decided that he lacked a brighter future hence left him. He experienced a great depression that made him drop out of school. During this period he discovered that the woman she referred to as the sister was his mother, and his grandfather was actually his father (Crocker, 2000). His energy was rejuvenated after learning these facts that made him drop his shyness and went back to college where he graduated with a Bachelors degree in psychology. Bundy worked tirelessly to ensure that Governor Dan Evans was reelected and after he was reelected considered Bundy for a post in Seattle Crime Prevention Advisory. This was his best period because now he was a successful politician and had both his old girlfriend and his new catch (Bundy et al., 2005) He began serial killing in 1974 with two ladies who were sailing. He later joined Utah University Law School he tried to attack a lady by the name Carol DaRonch unsuccessfully, and few hours later 17 years old girl was reported missing. A grave of bones was discovered in the Washington forest and later identified as belonging to the two lost ladies in Washington and the 17 years old girl (Dekle, 2011). Through investigations, a profile of a man known as ‘Ted’ was created that comprised of descriptions of the car, his blood group and approaches he used to lure his victims. From the investigations, they were able to determine that the serial killer had the capability to move from state to state. He did several killings in Colorado, and all the victims had similar contusions on their head and through the same manner of death (Crocker, 2000). Ted Bundy was arrested in 1975 on suspicion of burglary and later charged with kidnapping after the items picked from his car resembled those collected from various crime scenes. He was charged and jailed for 15 years after being found guilty of murdering DaRonch. Other charges followed later. He was his own lawyer and had the freedom to walk without leg irons. He tried to escape from the courtroom by jumping out of the window and was captured a week later. He escaped from prison again and rented an apartment near Florida University. He killed more women and was seen by an eyewitness, Nita Neary, who keenly observed him. He also left a mask at one of the crime scenes that was similar to the one found in his car during his first arrest. He was arrested again in February 1978. He was found guilty of all the murder charges and sentenced to death on an electric chair (Dekle, 2011). People who thought they knew Ted Bundy well had advocated his candidacy as the governor of Washington State. They knew very little about him since he could camouflage socially. Bundy Ted is one of the most notorious killers and before his execution in 1989 confessed to having killed 30 young women. He was educated and very charming and hence only few women could resist him. He also persuaded the law intellectually to save himself from Florida’s electric chair although finally he failed. Bundy had taken psychology classes and hence got information from him was very difficult. The psychologists grilling him normally found him very clean irrespective of the external evidence linking him to violent behavior (Barden, Maddux, Petty, Brewer, 2004). Bundy blamed his addiction to pornography for his violent behavior. Bundy crossed the line of erotic fantasy becoming a serial killer. Ted Bundy was a sexual psychopath and had sexual sadistic behaviors. He was very insecure and intelligent, insecure because majority of his classmates were wealthy. He was a very shy guy who had a strong dependency on women and hence had fear of being humiliated by women. He rarely dated and mostly stayed lonely. Ted Bundy started his violent life with burglarizing homes and shoplifting; he usually assaulted women sexually before eventually killing them. Majority of his victims were single white women. He killed across different states that showed that he used a vehicle to access his victims (Aamodt Moyse 2003). It is suspected that his serial killings were triggered by his college charming girlfriend who left him desperately. Bundy also had thought that his mother was his sister, and it was rumored that his father was also his grandfather. Bundy was a Serial killer who did a lot of planning to kill his victims. He knew how to conceal evidence having attended law units and had a wide knowledge of police procedures; six of his victims have not been found yet (Krueger, 2009). Categories of serial killers It is not possible to completely understand and categorize serial killers but it is possible to evaluate their practices and methods in order to define what type of criminal they are. However, depending on the nature of their crime, Federal Bureau of Investigations has categorized serial killers in three different categories according to how they carry out their killings. Comprehending the category at which a serial killer can be categorized make it at ease for Federal Bureau of Investigations to investigate their crimes and bring them to justice. The categories of these serial killers help greatly on describing the type at which that serial killer falls into. These categories include organized, unorganized and mixed serial killers (Ramsland, 2006). Organized serial killers An organized serial killer is the most serial killer to capture and identify because he or she is very intelligent with an IQ ranging to almost 120. Nevertheless, their intelligence assists them so much to plan crimes well and in advance with much precautions so that no evidence can be got from the crime. In most cases, organized serial killers are married or they live with their girlfriends. They plan the crime before the chance occurs for weeks, months or even years before performing it. Organized serial killer often socialize with the victim and apply methods such as tricking and charming in order for the victim to be unable to overcome that situation (Mariotte, 2010). It is collective for this category of criminals to watch victims for numerous days before finding someone they can consider as a good aim. Organized serial killers are always aware of the growing compulsion to act their deadly desire. When the victim is chosen, this category of serial killer will pick them up, frequently through some kind of designed strategy in order to advance their compassion. Later, they take the victim to another place where they commit the killing. In simple terms, organized serial killers typically apply checks on the victim, whereby they bring a weapon and makes sure that the weapon is taken when they leave (Vronsky, 2004). After the victim is killed, this type of serial killer takes thorough precautions to ensure that the body cannot be identified or located. They even follow the reports of their crimes in the media and then travels to a different town or modify their job when they detect they can be noticed. In addition, organized serial killers keep improving their strategies by learning police investigative approaches and the longer they commit murders, the more impossible for the police to arrest them. One of the main motivating factors for this category of serial killers is that they even murder the officers who attempt to investigate their crime. Examples of organized serial killers include the likes of Ted Buddy who committed seventeen crime scenes without being noticed. Before he was identified by the police, he was undertaking a law course in a school of law therefore he had much of intelligence about law. It is understood that out of the seventeen crimes he committed, six of his victims have not been located up to now and that is why he considered himself as the only professor in serial killing (Thomas, 2010). Ted Buddy had a girlfriend and owned a car which he applied to commit his crimes. He could regularly park it in the college parking and pretend to have an injury on his leg, it is at this point where he could trick the aide especially girls and then commit the crime. Disorganized serial killers Contrary, disorganized serial killers do not plan about their crimes in any way. Their IQ ranges between 80 and 95 and it is considered as below the average. This category of serial killer can be described as insensible to the crime because in most cases, disorganized serial killer kills people at the wrong places and in the wrong time. Although, they do not plan their crimes, it is difficult to catch them than even the organized serial killers because they cannot be predicted. They have intense and vague deadly cases but what is odd about these cases is that they are not planned so they do not have a thought out plan of the crime. However, in contrary to organized serial killers, disorganized offenders do not cover up any sensible signs of their crime and have a habit of travelling from one state or town to another recurrently to avoid being apprehended (Ramsland, 2006). The dismay which occur at the crime scene may include evidence such as ejaculate, murder weapon and blood. They hardly have adjacent family or friends and therefore they stay in one place for just short time and then move to another place. In most of the crimes committed by disorganized serial killers, there is slight application of reskills since the victim is usually starved to unconsciousness when he or she encounter this disorganized serial killer. Moreover, the body of the victim is usually exposed to the public because it is often left where the crime take place, and it is endangered to unusual injuries. This category of killers is susceptible to have no remembrance of what they deed and most of them admit that they were inspired by opinions from other sources or by their own opinions. Contradictory, disorganized serial killers are not educated, trained and do not have any skills of what they are doing (Vronsky, 2004). Nevertheless, Crime Archives (2007) indicates Miguel Rivera as one of the disorganized serial killers. It is believed that between April 1972 and September 1973, Miguel Rivera haphazardly attacked young boys on the Upper West Side of New York and in apartment buildings in East Harlem. Miguel Rivera stabbed and sodomized eight years old boy for a maximum of thirty nine minutes and even attempted to cut his penis. In addition, the bodies of three other boys were found in different places; one in the hall, the next one in the basements, and the other one in the rooftops of various apartments, with their private parts cut off and wounded to death. When he was arrested, Rivera appealed that God had informed him to alter those boys into girls. Mixed serial killers The third category of serial killers is referred as mixed serial killers. These are the killers who cannot be easily differentiated as either organized or disorganized. Their crimes involve two or more criminals, whereby there may be unexpected happenings that the criminal had not scheduled for, therefore, the criminal may change the plans or victim may battle during the progression of a crime or over a succession. However, in this category of serial killers, the sort of crime comprise some evidence of planning because there is poor cover-up of the victim’s body. According to Vronsky (2004), the location of this kind of crime might be in a great panic meaning that there will be a great pact of physical violence experienced by the victim. Moreover, the criminal may be involved in alcohol and drugs or may be young. The good example of a mixed serial killer is Richard Ramirez who killed nineteen people between June 1984 and September 1985. It is believed that he murdered his victims in their homes casually and he overcame them with a wild offensive attack by applying dangerous force. When he was arrested, he said that he made a decision to murder the victims naturally at the scene. Unfortunately, the rooms which the crime occurred had cameras which captured forensic evidence because he had not masked his face. In contrary, Richard transported arms to the scene and also carried a police frequency scanner which consisted sequences of an organized serial killer (Thomas, 2010). Types of serial killers Research has shown that serial killers can only be classified in reference to their motives and organizational or social patterns. However, most of the serial killers do not fall into a single type, and many of them can be described in more than one type. But none of these types explain what might essentially result someone to be a serial killer. It is from the above categories that we get various types or sub-units of serial killers. Thrill seekers Thrill seekers are serial killers who enjoy overcoming the law, being pursued by the police and receiving attention from the media. One of the factor that distinguish thrill seekers from other serial killers is that they do not enhance privacy in their crimes. They keep sending message to each other and also expose their records of murders. In this case, it is reasonable to categorize thrill seekers as organized serial killers although they do not have advance plan in every crime they commit (Ramsland, 2006). Therefore, they can also be classified as unorganized serial killers. They often apply arms or raping the victims before they stab them to death. Once they kill the victim, they hide the victim’s body and proceed to the next victims where they employ the same tactics unless being caught. Thrill seekers serial killers can also be referred as hedonistic. Medical killers Medical serial killer is involved in medical killing and is very uncommon. Various people have been involved in the medical industry as a technique to carry out their wicked and immoral deeds. Medical killer feels they have the perfect protection since it is very common for people in a clinics to die. This type of serial killers can be categorized as organized because they are highly intelligent and have the idea on how to smartly and carefully cover their killings (Mariotte, 2010). This is because it appears that a victim has passed away naturally, meaning there will be no cause for anyone to sense vulgar play and investigate the crime. Research has indicated that only few medics in history have achieved to murder people before they are suspected. Mission oriented These are killers who claim to undertake murders as in favor of their society. Mission oriented serial killers carry out their crimes by eliminating certain people from the society because they feel that the society can move on without them. The kind of people eliminated include homosexuals or lesbians, drug dealers, young women and prostitutes (Thomas, 2010). These killers can be categorized as organized serial killers since their crimes are well planned and often have a controlled crime scene. Their aim is to modify the society by eradicating a specific group of people and this makes it very easy for investigators to track them. The motive that leads this serial killer to commit murder is intense hatred of a certain group of people. The hatred may be based on gender, race, religion or lifestyle. Control and power killers These are serial killers who enjoy their victims panic, shattering and suffering. Control and power killers can be categorized as organized serial killers and are motivated by various motives such as history of childhood mistreatment, which left them feeling poor and powerless as grown-ups. Most of these killers are similar to thrill seekers because they sexually abuse their victims but they are not inspired by moods of covetousness. They just apply rape to simply control the victim and this make them to be categorized as unorganized serial killers (Ramsland, 2006). Visionary serial killers This type of serial killers rarely experiences isolation from the society and sometimes have a belief that they can be considered in higher entities such as that of â€Å"God†. Visionary serial killers can further be divided into God-mandated and devil-mandated killers. These killers can be categorized as mixed serial killers and an example of such killers is David Berkowitz. This killer claimed to have received an order from demon through his neighbor’s dog to commit murder in his society. Subsequently, visionary serial killers tend to be more disorganized than other murderers thus easy to be tracked down. They are mostly motivated by their own mental illness or psychosis (Mariotte, 2010). Conclusion However, besides the above types of serial killers, there are also many other sub categories which make a serial killer unique based on the nature of crimes and their killing formalities. Most of the serial killers are motivated by different motives to commit their crimes and this can also influence the category at which a serial killer can be categorized. Some of the serial killers are named according to the creatures in the environment such as one of the female serial killer who was named with reference to the female black widow spider which always kills and digests its mates when it lay her eggs (Thomas, 2010). A spree killer is another type of serial killers who murders another person after already murdering someone else. Those serial killers who murders their victims because of sexual arousal can be referred as lust killers. Moreover, cults are considered as serial killers who create clubs that sacrifice people after acceptance of joining their clubs, they can also be referred as group killers. Generally, reality is never as good as dreams and this is why many serial killers choose to murder. Many serials killers are made and not born since they have the capability to balance with their environment. Serial killers seem absolutely normal, however, but beyond all considerations, satisfaction of their desires is the main motive which leads them to commit murder. This means that killings seem to fulfil their desires with the ultimate control over death and life. References Aamodt, M. G., Moyse, C. (2003). 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